Summary Lesson – 9
( Present Continuous, Present Perfect Tense, Possessive Case Of Nouns, Collective Noun, Common Fruits, Vegetables, Spices)

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - an action happening now, in the present time. E.g: “I am playing.”

Usage Of Simple Present Words:

In Case Of Negative Sentences We Use:

• Not – E.g: “I am Not an Indian”.
• Do Not – E.g: “I Do Not like tea”.
• Does Not – E.g: “She Does Not play with me”.

Usage Of Negative Cases Of Simple Present Tense

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE – an action is continuing (is in progress).
The verb is used in the ‘ing’ form. E.g: “The boys are playing cricket.”

Usage Of Present Continuous Words.

REMEMBER: W e use the simple present for things which are general, habitual and permanent but present continuous for actions which are happening just then.

Compare The Usage Of Words In The Present Continuous Tense And In The Simple Present Tense.

Note:

• We use “I am going to do” for actions that we have decided to do. In such actions we cannot say “I am doing”.
• Words which are not really action words like - think, believe, understand are not used in the present continuous sense. E.g: Incorrect - “I am believing what you say”, Correct - “I believe what you say”.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE – an action begun in the past and completed in the present time.

• Indicates completed activities in the immediate past. E.g: “He has just finished it.”
• Describes past actions whose time is not given. E.g:“Have you read this book?”
• For actions stated whose effect is present. E.g: “I have injured myself.”
• Denotes an action starting in past but continuing in present. E.g: “We have lived here for 10 years.”

Usage of Present Perfect words.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE - an action which started in the past and is still continuing in the present time. E.g: “I have been calling him since yesterday.”

Usage of Present Perfect Continuous words.

POSSESSIVE CASE OF NOUNS

E.g: “Hari broke Ram’s umbrella.”

Here the umbrella belonged to Ram. It is Ram who possessed the umbrella. The noun Ram becomes Ram ’s - we add “’ s”.

• When the noun is singular, we only add “’s”. E.g: “Hari broke Ram’s umbrella.”
• When the noun is plural and does not end with ‘s’ we add “’s”. E.g: “I have a week’s holiday”.
• When the plural ends with ‘ s’ we add “’ ” after the s of the word. E.g: “A boys’ school.”

Incase of non-living things we say :

• The leg of the table - not the table’s leg.
• The hand of the clock - not the clock’s hand

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

• A group of lions – Pride, A collection of books – Library, A large number of students - Class
• A group of soldiers – Army, A group of bees - Swarm

COMMON FRUITS, VEGETABLES & SPICES:

• Fruits - apple, coconut, custard apple, pomegranate, plums, mulberry, black berry, musk melon.
• Vegetables – coriander, fenugreek, garlic, brinjal, lady’s finger, tamarind, Capsicum, bitter gourds, pumpkin, mushrooms, peas.
• Spices - turmeric, bay leaf, cardamom, cinnamon, black pepper, cumin seeds, aniseed.

Involvement / Commitment

• The difference between 'involvement' and 'commitment' is like an eggs-and-ham breakfast: the chicken was 'involved' - the pig was 'committed'."
• “When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world”

QUOTES :

• “First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you, then you win."
• “Small opportunities are often the beginning of great enterprises
• “Success is not the key to happiness. Happiness is the key to success. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful”.